Macro views
Macro views

The road to recession: Attempting to time the next economic downturn

May 31, 2022 | 8 min read
Seema Shah
Chief Global Strategist
Kara Ng
Global Economist
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With the struggles from the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) still fresh in policymakers' minds, the 2020 COVID-19 recession was fought proactively, with every tool available. After trillions of dollars in fiscal and monetary stimulus, protracted economic crisis was avoided. However, policy actions worked too well, supercharging aggregate demand before supply could fully heal and pushing inflation to fresh 40-year highs. The United States Federal Reserve (Fed) is now embarking on a mission to reassert price stability without ending the post-COVID expansion.

In the sport of professional diving, one of the most difficult feats is attempting to enter the water from ever increasing heights without creating a splash. Similarly, the Fed’s task of bringing inflation down from current levels that are more than quadruple the 2% target, without triggering a wave of economic pain, will be extraordinarily difficult. As such, just two years into the post-COVID recovery, investors are already discussing the risk of recession.

The Fed attempts the “splash-less dive”

Anchored by the deflationary experiences of the last decade, the Fed waited until headline CPI inflation had hit 7.9% before it finally started tightening monetary policy. This delayed response has permitted inflation expectations to rise and wage growth pressures to increase. As a result, bringing inflation down will be very challenging and the Fed must move with haste. Markets currently expect the equivalent of around seven more 25 basis point (bp) rate increases over the remaining five meetings this year—that equates to two 50bp hikes and three 25bp hikes.

Additional tightening in 2023 would take policy rates toward 3% and solidly into restrictive territory. Going by these forecasts, a slowdown in economic growth appears a near-certainty. The key question is, on its route to bringing inflation back to the 2% target, will the Federal Reserve push growth all the way down into negative territory? While the Fed believes that it will be able to avoid recession, in 12 major tightening cycles since 1954, the Fed only managed a "soft-landing" (avoided recession) on three occurrences: 1965, 1984, and 1994.

Implied fed funds target rate and market expectations
FOMC member projections & fed funds futures

Scatter plot showing implied fed funds target rate and market expectations up to 2024 and beyond

Bloomberg, Federal Reserve, Principal Global Investors. CPI shown is y/y as of listed date. Data as of May 23, 2022.

Yield curve inversion

Key market indicators don’t inspire much confidence in the Fed’s maneuverability. In recent months, the 2y10y U.S. Treasury yield curve1 flattened significantly, even inverting briefly in April, alerting investors to elevated risks in the economic outlook. While investors should be mindful of the yield curve inversion signals, there are some key nuances that should be considered:

  1. While every U.S. recession since the 1970s has been preceded by a yield inversion, not every inversion has led to a recession. For example, the yield curve gave false alarms in June 1998 and February 2006 when the 2y10y inverted only shallowly. Generally, deeper and sustained inversions are a more telling indicator than brief and shallow inversions.
  2. Over the past decade, high demand for perceived safer assets, including central bank holdings of U.S. Treasurys, has suppressed long-term yields. Given today’s lower starting point for the long end of the yield curve, it may be easier for the curve to invert, thus fading the recessionary signal. It seems that for an inversion to really “count” as a valid recession signal today, the magnitude of inversion must be sufficiently deep.
  3. The lead time between 2y10y curve inversion and recession tends to be long and variable, on average 12-to18-months, but sometimes extending to four years. The recent flattening of the 2y10y curve indicates a rising risk of recession in late 2023, into early 2024.
  4. While the long lead time of the 2y10y curve can offer some guidance on the risk of recession in 12-to-24-months’ time, yield curve measures that start from the near-term, such as the 3m10y spread, are typically more reliable predictors of recession during the next 12-months. Combined today, these different segments of the yield curve point to a low probability of recession during the next 12-months, but higher risk in the following 12-months.
Table showing recession timelines based on the date of first sustained market inversion, the recession start, and the lead time to recession in months

Bloomberg, St. Louis FRED, Principal Global Asset Allocation. Note: 3m U.S. Treasury bill began in September 1981.

The Fed must act quickly

At this point, there is no space for Federal Reserve complacency. Monetary policy typically hits the real economy with a lag of around 6-to-24-months. Therefore, by the end of 2023, once higher policy rates have had a chance to flow through to the real economy, many economic indicators will likely be considerably more stressed, and risk of recession will have likely risen.

Still, for investors worrying that a recession is imminent in 2022, the Conference Board's U.S. Leading Economic Indicator provides some reassurance. The Conference Board’s Index, which made a new high in March 2022, historically precedes a recession by a year—which suggests that the slowdown is unlikely until mid-2023 at the earliest.

Conference Board U.S. Leading Economic Indicator
Level, recessions are shaded, 1960 – present

Graph displaying conference board US leading economic indicator from 1960 to 2020

Bloomberg, The Conference Board, Principal Global Investors. Data as of April 30, 2022.

Current economic data also corroborate with the signals from the 3m10y spread and the Conference Board’s Indicator that risk of recession in 2022 is very low. Fast forward to late 2023, however, and economic data will likely tell a different story.

The U.S. consumer

Current environment: Higher inflation has significantly squeezed household purchasing power, yet the impact on consumer spending has been tempered by households’ willingness to draw down excess savings.

However, healthy household balance sheets and residual excess savings can’t cushion pain from higher prices forever. After a pandemic-relief cash influx in 2020, time and inflation has eroded real cash holdings for the poorest cohort of U.S. households back to preCOVID levels. The next quintile of poorest households will likely face the same fate within the next few quarters, further pressured by rising borrowing rates, suggesting that household spending will become increasingly strained over the coming quarters.

Real cash holdings by household net worth
Level, rebased to 1 at December 31, 2019

Line graph showing real cash holding by household net worth from December 2019 to March 2022

Bloomberg, Federal Reserve Distributional Financial Accounts, Principal Global Asset Allocation. Cash includes checkable deposits, currency, short-term investments, and money market fund shares. Nominal cash is deflated by headline CPI index. Data as of March 31, 2022.

The labor market

Current environment: The labor market remains extremely strong, with the unemployment rate just a touch above the pre-pandemic low (3.6% today vs. 3.5% in February 2020) and nearly two job vacancies per unemployed worker.

While strength in the labor market remains key for keeping recession risks at bay, overheating can raise the risk of recession. Low unemployment, high job vacancies, and high wages are symptomatic of a tight labor market—good for the economy in the short-term, but potentially dangerous in the longer term. For example, as companies bid up wages to compete for scarce labor, they are then either passing on rising labor costs to consumers (contributing to price pressures and adding to the inflation headache) or are having those higher wages eat into corporate profit margins. Either way, an unsustainably hot labor market raises the risk of a recession at the 24-month horizon.

Are there any labor market indicators that can provide warning signals? For one, a slowdown in payrolls is often representative of a slowing broader economy. As wages rise and labor demand slows, firms typically first resort to cutting worker hours, cutting temporary help, or removing job postings. Today, while job postings are at all-time highs, worker hours have been falling throughout 2022, and growth in temporary help employment appears to be slowing—usually a precursor to a slowdown in payrolls.

Temporary help and nonfarm payrolls
Millions, recessions are shaded, 1990 – present

Graph showing temporary help and nonfarm payrolls since 1990

Bloomberg, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Principal Global Asset Allocation. Data as of April 30, 2022.

The housing market

Current environment: House price growth is red hot, hitting a record high in April, even as recession fears have grown.

As the Federal Reserve hikes rates, mortgage rates have risen sharply (to levels unseen since 2009) and should likely dampen housing demand and create a softer housing market over the next year. Already in 2022, mortgage applications, building permits, and housing starts have started to decline. A housing market crash of GFC levels is unlikely, as mortgage originations today are disproportionately made to high quality prime borrowers, reducing the risk that higher interest rates will trigger a wave of defaults.

Middle-class home affordability
Level, rebased to 100 at January 1, 2000

Line graph showing middle-class home affordability from 2000 to 2022, going down after 2020

National Association of Realtors, Federal Reserve, Principal Global Investors. Affordability is calculated using median sales price of existing single-family homes & 30-year fixed average prime interest rate. Data as of April 30, 2022.

The signal from key economic and financial indicators is clear: While near-term recession risk is low, it becomes more elevated during the 12-to-24-month period. Some weakness is beginning to seep in, as households and companies start to struggle under the weight of inflation, and as the Fed rapidly moves the policy rate towards restrictive territory. A recession in early 2024 is increasingly likely.

Implications for investors

The temptation for investors to reduce exposure to risk assets as recession risks climb is real. Yet, with positive economic growth expected in 2022, earnings growth should also be positive, supporting equity returns. It’s only once the economic data begin rolling over and earnings growth meaningfully weakens, currently projected during 2023, that a more sustained loss in risk assets is likely.

However, given the asymmetric costs around precise recession timing, investors should avoid chasing potential gains, and be more selective in their allocations. Exposure to stocks with strong balance sheets, stable earnings growth, and high margins can help navigate this increasingly challenging environment, while taking refuge in high quality credit adds an element of defensive positioning. Real assets, such as infrastructure investments, can offer an opportunity for diversification, potentially provide attractive real yield and predictable cash flows, and can be a natural inflation hedge. As markets tread the road to recession, risk is not off the table, but return-seeking investors should be deliberate and disciplined to keep portfolios on a level footing.

1 The 2y10y U.S. Treasury yield curve has inverted ahead of every U.S. recession since the 1950s making it a strong predictor of future recession.

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