Macro views
Macro views

China’s stimulative policy actions: Turning the tide for investors

June 1, 2022 | 7 min read
Han Peng, CFA
Quantitative Strategist
Seema Shah
Chief Global Strategist
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China’s ongoing struggles with COVID-19 and the country’s lackluster policy response have dismayed investors. In fact, by the end of April, MSCI China had dropped 18% since the start of 2022, credit spreads had widened meaningfully, and the renminbi (RMB) had depreciated almost 4%. However, a series of weak economic numbers appear to have alerted policymakers to the urgency of stabilizing growth. On May 20, 2022, the People’s Bank of China (PBoC) announced a surprisingly forceful response, cutting the five-year loan prime rate (LPR) by 15bps—the largest cut in this rate since LPRs were introduced in 2019. Following the stimulative policy action, investors are now wondering if the tide has turned on Chinese equities and its battered housing market.

COVID-19: a masterclass in economic damage

Over the past two months, China has been wrestling with its worst COVID surge since March 2020. Although infection rates have now started to decrease, strict adherence to its zero-COVID policy has meant that around 40 cities are still facing restrictions, accounting for nearly 25% of China’s GDP and 20% of their population.

China’s rising unemployment rate is concerning
Surveyed unemployment rate in urban areas

Line graph showing China's unemployment rate is up nearly 18% from January 2018 - January 2022

Bloomberg, Principal Global Asset Allocation. Data as of April 30, 2022.

Unsurprisingly, China’s zero-COVID policy has cratered the economy, severely hampering mobility and discouraging consumer spending on services.1 In addition, it has extended economic uncertainty for businesses and caused significant disruption to supply chains. Industrial production plunged 2.9% in April compared to the same time last year—its worst decline in the last three decades, while retail sales dropped to their worst reading since early 2020 when COVID-19 first hit. With still further lockdowns threatening to roll across the country, upcoming data could be similarly weak.

The labor market also looks dismal. Since January, the national unemployment rate has risen to 6.1%, the highest since early 2020, while a spike in the unemployment rate for ages 16-24, from 14.3% to 18.2%, is even more concerning. With over 10 million graduates entering the labor market this summer, generating enough jobs will be crucial for maintaining both economic and social stability.

Unfortunately, just as the external environment was a key factor for the growth of China’s economy during that last two years, today, the weakening global economy is weighing it down. The rollover in global demand—as households and businesses struggle with higher inflation rates and deteriorating spending power—coupled with supply chain normalization outside China, has started to meaningfully dent China’s export performance.

The ongoing policy dilemma

China’s policymakers have made multiple attempts to counter the economic headwinds from their zero-COVID policy by introducing tax cuts, expedited infrastructure investment, targeted relending programs, and multiple rates and reserve requirement ratio (RRR) cuts. However, these actions—particularly the monetary actions—have fallen short of the mark, hamstrung by global financial conditions.

High inflation and aggressive United States Federal Reserve tightening have introduced a major constraint on China’s policy options. Global bond yields have been driven up as the Fed moves forward with its rate hiking path, eradicating the yield advantage of China’s government bonds over U.S. Treasurys, fueling capital outflows and renminbi depreciation. While additional cuts in China’s reverse repo rates, the Medium-term Lending Facility (MLF) and LPRs would inject liquidity and reduce borrowing costs to stimulate the economy—they also reduce the attractiveness of the yuan and encourage further outflows. As a result, the scope of the PBoC’s easing policies is limited and, consequently, monetary easing has so far been insufficient to stem the economic bleeding.

A weakened RMB reflects outflows pressure
USD to CNY exchange rate and yield differential

Line graph showing the USD to CNY exchange rate and yield differential from 2009-2022

Bloomberg, Principal Global Asset Allocation. Data as of April 30, 2022.

Monetary policy 2.0

The tide may be turning. During a nationwide videoconference on May 25, Premier Li Keqiang underscored the importance of stabilizing the economy. He noted that current economic challenges “are in some ways and to a certain extent even bigger than the pandemic shock of 2020.” In recognizing that their unwavering commitment to zero-COVID policy means that a more proactive policy response is warranted, this may potentially open the door for more aggressive stimulus measures to be deployed.

It won’t be straightforward, and the policy tools are limited. Expect that any new measures will need to be increasingly targeted, focusing on generating demand and lowering costs, without further diminishing China’s yield advantage and encouraging additional capital outflows.

Unlike many of its global counterparts, the PBoC can pull multiple levers on interest rates. If required, policymakers can be more selective, venturing away from the traditional policy action of indiscriminate cuts to all lending rates and instead focusing their attention on individual rates with specific durations, thereby directly impacting particular parts of the economy.

For example: Repo rates and MLF usually impact interbank liquidity, one-year LPR is typically the benchmark for corporate lending, and five-year LPR is the benchmark for mortgage rates and long-term infrastructure loans. The PBoC can adjust each rate individually, while additionally using “window guidance,” (a method for directly asking banks to adjust their lending practices in line with policy goals) to influence lending activity.

Since late April, the PBoC has started to take a more targeted approach to reduce borrowing costs. They have been guiding banks to cut deposit rates, lowering the mortgage rate floor and, most recently, rather than cutting multiple lending rates simultaneously, they have cut the five-year LPR. Historically, the PBoC has focused more of their policy actions on the 1- year, rather than the 5-year LPR, reflecting their reluctance to ease mortgage rates. This most recent policy move is a reversal of that thinking and clearly designed to stabilize the devastated property market.

In addition to monetary policy measures, the new realization that further intervention is needed will likely lead the government to seek additional avenues to stabilize growth and boost demand. These could include:

  • Government bond issuance to support infrastructure investment/COVID related spending. Projects ranging from traditional transportation, urban renewal, logistics, and water facilities to new infrastructure such as data centers and 5G networks are speeding up after President Xi, during the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission meeting in late April, called for “all out efforts” to boost infrastructure construction.
  • A consumer subsidy program to increase durable goods consumption. Some cities across China have already started to provide supplementary subsidies to new energy vehicle (NEV) buyers.
  • A gradual relaxation of home purchase restrictions to boost property demand. Initial expectations are for the removal of restrictions to extend to more tier two cities (and potentially even tier one cities if real estate dynamics deteriorate significantly).2
  • Top leaders in China have also recently vowed to improve the regulatory environment for large platform companies, albeit plans remain obscure. A reversal in regulations could help alleviate some economic pains, especially for the job market, and would be welcomed by market participants.

A reversal in PBoC policy rate cut actions
PBoC rate cuts since 2019

Bar chart showing PBoC rate cuts since 2019

Bloomberg, Principal Global Asset Allocation. Data as of May 31, 2022.

A full circle back to COVID

While the government may very well endorse more targeted stimulus now, the only way economic momentum is likely to accelerate is through additional support.

Indeed, the window for rolling out additional stimulative policy is closing fast. It typically takes around six months before policy stimulus starts to impact a real economy, although consumer targeted support could have a quicker read-through than either infrastructure or housing-related stimulus. The next few weeks will be critical—to get even close to China’s 5.5% GDP target for 2022, policymakers will need to act with urgency.

Ultimately though, even proactive rate cuts, subsidies, and improved credit availability may not stimulate loan demand until the COVID situation stabilizes. If other countries’ Omicron experience is any indication, China’s COVID infection rates should begin subsiding rapidly, enabling the government to ease lockdown restrictions. However, China’s likely continued adherence to the zero-COVID policy, even within a new regime of frequent testing, implies that worries about economic disruption may persist.

2022 could mark the turning point for China as policy responses become more effective. However, a sustained rebound in China markets will require a clear breakthrough in growth. Until then, investors will likely remain cautious, and the optimism spurred by the policy shift could prove short lived.

1 Officially, the zero-COVID policy is called the “dynamic clearing policy” by China’s government. The policy doesn’t seek to eliminate COVID completely but instead to swiftly and accurately stamp out each outbreak before it gains momentum.
2 Tier one cities typically have a have a developed and established real estate market, while tier two cities are typically in the process of developing their real estate markets.

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